The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups is called. (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007). For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike each other not because of any real, objectionable traits about the other group. Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is an ideology that emphasizes conformity or obedience to authority (Altemeyer, 1988). Hanna overcriticizes him for minor errors. d. deindividuation. an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Instead, when he returns home, he shouts at his son for playing video games. Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. Unfortunately, even when some countries have created legal protections, they thought that equality applied to only select groups. School California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Course Title PSYC 3500; Uploaded By staceymartinez1224. a. more; less -cies. In-group favoritism is an ambiguous form of bias because it disfavors the outgroup by exclusion. Two months before the 2018 midterms, President Trump had a 40% job approval rating. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias: just-world phenomenon Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. hide 31 types. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in town. This sends subtle cues to the applicant that she is not being taken seriously, is not a good fit for the job, or is not likely to get hired. This phenomenon is known as ________. divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. It was considered acceptable to openly disparage entire groups of people and to pass laws that restricted or harmed these groups. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). And a stereotypical old person would be seen as high in warmth but lower in competence. Like the guard at night saying: Who goes there, friend or foe? If the other group has good, cooperative intentions, we view them as warm and often consider them part of our side. However, if the other group is cold, we often view them as a threat and treat them accordingly. . 3. Although this is unfair, sometimes the automatic associationsoften driven by societys stereotypestrump our own explicit values (Devine, 1989). unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling, tendency to believe that something is true simply because it has been repeated many times, the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors. Do you or someone you know believe that group hierarchies are inevitable? As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs that parents have identified as necessary for adolescent autonomy? Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most: c. deindividuation. b. Nosotros _____ (ir) a la playa. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. Es gratis registrarse y presentar tus propuestas laborales. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop. Desirable? One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." What is faithful representation, and why is it important. The IAT is sensitive to very slight hesitations that result from having automatic or unconscious biases. believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups . Representativeness Heuristic The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. Spontaneously, people categorize people into groups just as we categorize furniture or food into one type or another. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of, In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership (s). Finally, the tendency to categorize can be associated with discrimination. c. offering them opportunities to play violent video games when they feel angry. Weddings are generally happy occasions (it is more appropriate to say congratulations than I am so sorry), they are formal affairs (people typically dress up), and they usually include food (you dont need to stop and eat before attending the wedding). 6. For example, the SDO gender difference (men higher, women lower) appears all over the world. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. Categories . At the time it was written, however, women and minorities (especially enslaved people) were not included in this sentiment. A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Where stereotypes are related to thinking, prejudices are more emotional in nature. These maps of the group terrain predict specific types of discrimination for specific kinds of groups. People are often biased against others outside of their own social group, showing prejudice (emotional bias), stereotypes (cognitive bias), and discrimination (behavioral bias). An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. For example, the interviewer might hold a negative view of women and, without even realizing it, act distant and withdrawn while interviewing the female candidate. The girls are reacting to: Your new roommate is from Ireland. b. the mere exposure effect. These blatant biases tend to run in packs: People who openly hate one outgroup also hate many others. Such a reaction will be ambiguous to both parties and difficult to interpret. His action is best explained in terms of the, Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid, In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves, The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people. c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. This behavior is best explained in terms of: Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. Returning to an example from earlier, the homeowner high in SDO may dislike the outgroup member moving into her neighborhood because it threatens ones economic resources (e.g. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Female 1: I have my ups and downs just like anybody else. The girls' belief best illustrates: Daniel does not get the desired salary hike during his annual appraisal. . A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. This is not to suggest that actual older people are not competent, of course, but that they are not widely admired for their accumulated wisdom. Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. Biases can explicit (overt and conscious) or more implicit (automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent). In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. Verify that U/p=x(p,m)\partial U^* / \partial p=-x^*(p, m)U/p=x(p,m). c. Conflict other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Peter Principle: The Peter Principle is an observation that the tendency in most organizational hierarchies , such as that of a corporation, is for every employee to rise in the hierarchy through . (c) How does the optimal expenditure on the xxx good vary with ppp ? A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called, Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often, Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. However, imagine if every time you ate ice cream, you got a brain freeze. This reaction is best explained in terms of. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. Explanation: It is not true that narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others. This episode provides an example of, A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit. Scapegoat Theory: . D) GRIT. Like stereotypes, prejudice is a bias against people based on their group membership. We group household objects together as furniture, certain domestic animals as pets, and certain books as classics. Categories are helpful because they provide a mental roadmap for how to interact in novel situations. Only when research participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. What does the term multicultural mean? This statement best reflects the: Victoria is a fifth grader in Carson Elementary School. The non-rival out-group acts as a reference . c. cognitive dissonance. An allocator divides a large sum of money among three groups of around 20 recipients each and also to themselves. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Social psychology, Positive illusions, Self-serving bias and more. It pays the utility bill during July. Prejudice. At its heart, SDO rests on a fundamental belief that the world is tough and competitive with only a limited number of resources. Ingroup bias is the tendency to favor and support individuals who belong to groups we identify with. QUESTION 23 The tendency to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures is known as cultural relativism cultural universalism ethnocentrism egocentrism QUESTION 24 Foraging societies practice what . Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in: Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club. You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery. Ingroup favoritismthe tendency to favor members of one's own group over those in other groupsis well documented, but the mechanisms driving this behavior are not well understood. 33. She tends to overpraise his achievements in order to avoid appearing biased. After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called: Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. d. ingroup bias., Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Today, there is a greater appreciation of the fact that not all biases are overt hostility based on a personal animosity toward members of a group. Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. (Ask a partner what he or she orders in a restaurant in the following situations.). Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world. Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m. This effect has been researched by many psychologists and linked to many theories related to group . a. amygdala Exam 1 Dr. C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. Microaggressions are often subtle so that makes them easy to shake off. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. b. the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon. C) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. This module focuses on biases against individuals based on group membership and against groups. This shows that: The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call: people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal. A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. As the world becomes more interconnectedmore collaborations between countries, more intermarrying between different groupsmore and more people are encountering greater diversity of others in everyday life. c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. Categories, then, are becoming more and more uncertain, unclear, volatile, and complex (Bodenhausen & Peery, 2009). Indicate the amount of expenses (if any) the firm recognizes during the months of June, July, and August in each of the following hypothetical transactions. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Notably, the combination of high RWA and high SDO predicts joining hate groups that openly endorse aggression against minority groups, immigrants, homosexuals, and believers in non-dominant religions (Altemeyer, 2004). c. deindividuation. The groups are supporters of two rival political movements in Thailand and politically neutral subjects. Instead, it measures how quickly people make judgments about the goodness or badness of various groups. tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. Subtle biases (also called automatic or implicit biases) are unexamined and sometimes unconscious, but just as real in their consequences. This is an example of: Elena's boss fires her because he is downsizing his company. Social facilitation refers to the tendency to, Perform well learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others, Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. NIMBY, also spelled Nimby, in full Not in My Backyard or Not in My Backyard Phenomenon, a colloquialism signifying one's opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one's neighborhood. In the context of psychology, this scenario illustrates ________. The IAT measures how quickly you can sort words or pictures into different categories. a. cognitive dissonance. Thus, those high inSDO see groups as battling each other for these resources, with winners at the top of the social hierarchy and losers at the bottom (see Table 1). What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice? a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. Outgroup bias is the tendency to dislike or belittle members of groups that we don't identify with. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. Does the sender (maker) of a debit memorandum record a debit or a credit in the recipients account? For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike . For the following sentence, make corrections in end mark, period, and comma usage as needed. c. social facilitation. She is a skydiver as well as a tennis player. d. women tend to share similar attitudes about sex. D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion. When she gets home in the evening, she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. It might be easy to dismiss the IAT findings of the all-too-human tendency toward faster, more favorable processing of ones own group. Its not that the person high in SDO wants to control what this outgroup member does; its that moving into this nice neighborhood disrupts the social hierarchy the person high in SDO believes in (i.e. The results of this study showed that the participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were Black. d. father care. Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. If someone is in our "ingroup," we are more likely to trust them. (tn dn si) n., pl. a. Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. Individualistic culture is to independent self as collectivistic culture is to _______ self. Denote the maximal utility as a function of ppp and mmm by U(p,m)U^*(p, m)U(p,m), the value function, also called the indirect utility function. People higher on SDO tend to choose and thrive in occupations that maintain existing group hierarchies (police, prosecutors, business), compared to those lower in SDO, who tend to pick more equalizing occupations (social work, public defense, psychology). A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. One example of ratee bias is egocentric bias, which is best described as the tendency to: a. evaluate one; The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is: A) consistency. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. If people do not want to invite Margaret on vacation because they fear that she will move too slowly (a common view of older people) then they are discriminating against her. Draw a circle graph with this information. Examined the impact of obedience to authority with his controversial Shock experiment. C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request. The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. (Blame the Victim). Unjustified negative action towards a member of a group because they belong to that group. Identities are not so simple, but maybe as the 21st century unfurls, we will recognize each other by the content of our individual character instead of against the backdrop of stereotypes. We identify o we compare ingroup bias o tendency to. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. Devine and her colleagues (2005) note that automatic prejudices subside when ________. Three pathways by which self-concept can shape how we communicate are self-esteem, self-monitoring, and Multiple Choice self-serving bias. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewer resources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). "Oh, no, never," the woman said. One explanation is that historical biases were widespread and institutionalized. Was the White person wrong because they will never learn to be comfortable if they avoid contact? Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor ones own in-group over anothers outgroup. Discrimination and the implicit association test. The result is seeing people who live in subsidized housing, or who like comic books, or who are religious, or who have autism as one homogenous group with little variation. This is the term that refers to a positive attitude . (1998). D) experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar. A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. Groupthink: . We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. a. Also called the cross- race effect and the own- race bias. Blatant bias is not a thing of the past, however. They believe they have good values, rational thoughts, and strengths. a. a dispositional attribution. Armstrong Publishing had 25% of its sales in mysteries, 10% in biographies, 15% in cookbooks, 15% in romance novels, 20% in science, and the rest in business books. Calls for national unity and patriotism that do not tolerate dissenting voices are an example. In the United States, for instance, waves of new immigrants such as Chinese people, Irish people, and Italians, were met with open hostility, with attitudes often shifting to the most recent group of immigrants. c. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. For example, a job interviewer might have two qualified applicants; a man and a woman. Classic examples of blatant bias include the views of members of hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and members of Hitlers Nazi party. In general, those high in SDO have a strong belief in work ethicthat hard work always pays off and leisure is a waste of time. The principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression. triangular theory of love. tendency. B) ingroup bias. swissworld: saisons

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