Genuine WWII Style Military Uniforms and Acessories from Surplus and Outdoors, Ideal for Collectors, WWII Re enactors or Fancy Dress, excellent choice at realistic prices . This was frustrated by shortcomings in the cavalry. The British demanded that they also have a mission in Kabul, and when this was refused, British armies invaded the country, precipitating the Second Anglo-Afghan War. US army Olive Green tunic Post ww2 military Issue tunic. There are some great designs and I think all were made of brass, but there is some colour/tone variation. WA Militia Cavalry jacket 1880's. Sam Brown . Original British Army Helmet Brass Chin Scales - Ideal Parts- Repair/Restoration This type of chin scale has been used by the British Army since Victorian times and they are still in use today. 18th and 19th century (1800s) reproduction uniforms and clothing items including Federal, Regency, Romantic Era, Mexican War, Civil War, Victorian, Indian Wars and Span-Am War. Free shipping on . During the Civil War the Parliamentary New Model Army adopted a fairly standardised . [87] Most of the tactical and strategic tasks traditionally undertaken by light cavalry were therefore performed by mounted infantry detachments or by colonial (Australian, New Zealand, Canadian and South African) contingents of Light Horse. Many of the Army's recruits during the Boer War had proved to be of inadequate physique or in poor health, through squalid housing or lack of medical provision. In the late 1870s, a Russian diplomatic mission was installed in Kabul. The Indian Rebellion stretched the army to the extent that Canadian volunteers raised a regiment for the British Army, titled the 100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadians) Regiment of Foot, for service in India but it did not see service there. The Childers Reforms further integrated the militia and volunteers into the regular regimental system, and formally established a reserve force. We have reproduced a number of 19th century British Drummer's uniforms. Her long reign was marked by the steady expansion and consolidation of the British Empire, rapid industrialisation and the enactment of liberal reforms by both Liberal and . The uniforms of the British Army currently exist in sixteen categories ranging from ceremonial uniforms to combat dress. Only a small portion of soldiers were permitted to marry. In colonies, the Crown-appointed Governors were usually also appointed military Commanders-in-Chief, in control of local forces (and in some cases also of regular forces). Promotion in the Company's army went strictly by seniority for both British and Indian personnel. I am attempting to identify if the photo is of my ancestor. Best Match. The British soldier's jargon illustrated that almost all soldiers would serve in India or Africa at some time during their enlistments. Including (Reflecting historic name changes) 1st Regiment of Foot Guards He has blue eyes, having slender features a thin moustache with dark brown combed curly hair and . Most of these were in a crenellated gothic style and many are still in use. An ancestor of mine was in the R.H.A in the 1870s stationed in India. SALE! These included the abolition of the separate authority of the Ordnance Board and Commissariat, which became departments of the War Office. In the aftermath of the Rebellion, control of India was transferred from the East India Company to the Crown. "Volunteer Sham Fight on Whit Monday". Britain had no General Staff until the early twentieth century, and the work of some departments at the War Office was sometimes poorly supervised and inefficient. Royal Navy uniforms of the 18th and 19th centuries were the original effort of the Royal Navy to create standardized rank and insignia system for use both at shore and at sea. Image credit: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons. The establishments of battalions serving overseas was enlarged to allow for losses to disease or on campaign that could not be quickly replaced from the depot in Britain. This created a force of 69 Line Infantry regiments (48 English, 10 Scottish, 8 Irish and 3 Welsh) each of two battalions. Join as a Member to visit anytime. On 1 July 1899, the Royal Artillery was divided into three groups: the Royal Horse Artillery of 21 batteries and the Royal Field Artillery of 95 batteries comprised one group, while the coastal defence, mountain, siege and heavy batteries were split off into another group named the Royal Garrison Artillery of 91 companies. . [77] In 1902 a slightly darker shade of khaki serge was selected as the colour for Home Service Dress. Foot Guards Regiments. The dominions raised their own military forces, under direct control of their own governments. The following 47 files are in this category, out of 47 total. [78] In 1882, it was replaced by short and long pattern swords that were stiffer and intended more for thrusting than previous patterns. The British personnel of the Indian Army were restricted to officers. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the British Army was involved in two major conflicts (the Crimean War and the Indian Rebellion of 1857) in quick succession. Troops trained in the field for only two months each year; the rest of the time was spent in ceremonial or routine barrack duties. Military Style Tailcoat Uniform, Unknown Origin, Likely Late 1800s-Early 1900s . The Royal Artillery took the retrograde step of replacing them with comparatively foolproof muzzle-loading (although rifled) guns, beginning with the RML 9 pounder 8 and 6 cwt guns, from 1871. Guards units wore the towering bearskin adopted after Waterloo, while most Highland regiments wore the 'feather bonnet', decorated with ostrich plumes. Britain had annexed the Cape of Good Hope from Holland during the Napoleonic Wars. Infantry units serving in some parts of the world (such as South Africa) formed their own detachments of mounted infantry from the late 1880s[59] or relied on locally recruited irregular mounted units. [33], There were only 35,000 British soldiers in India in widely scattered cantonments, and reinforcements took months to arrive by sea, but fortunately for the British, the rebellion was confined to the Bengal Presidency apart from some isolated incidents. This minimum period of regular service varied over time and with arms of service, from as little as four years in the infantry, to as much as eight in the cavalry and artillery. [29] This triggered the First Anglo-Afghan War, in which the expedition successfully captured Kabul. In spite of the fact Britain had only just been in a war against Russia with France as its ally, there was now increased fear that war would break out. In 1868, a Liberal government took office, headed by William Ewart Gladstone and committed to wide-ranging social reforms. Following a report by the Royal Commission into the Sanitary Condition of the Army, which sat from 1857 to 1861,[62] many new barracks were built, healthier and more spacious than previously. The Militia of Bermuda, the Channel Islands, Gibraltar and Malta were numbered collectively in the British Army order of precedence (of the six colonial units existing in 2021, only the Royal Gibraltar Regiment and the Royal Bermuda Regiment are considered parts of the British Army, with the remainder being British military units auxiliary to the British Army; a handful of other such forces remain in the United Kingdom-proper, such as the Yeomen of the Guard, the Army Cadet Force, and the Combined Cadet Force). Although his forces suffered few casualties in battle, shortcomings in the transport and medical sections resulted in many needless casualties through shortage of supplies and enteric fevers. The cavalry, obsessed with the charge with cold steel, had "ceased to be in any useful sense mobile". replica 1901 british army general's full dress tunic $ 895.00. add . The purchase system also generated snobbery on the part of wealthy infantry and cavalry officers towards the more studious artillery and engineer officers, who learned their "trade" at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and whose promotion depended rigidly on seniority. [74] The Stanhope Memorandum of 1891 (drawn up by Edward Stanhope when Secretary of State for War) laid down the policy that after providing for garrisons and India, the army should be able to mobilise three army corps for home defence, two of regular troops and one partly of militia, each of three divisions. When the auto-complete results are available, use the up and down arrows to review and Enter to select . See more ideas about british uniforms, military uniform, british army uniform. 18681899." Get the best deals on Victorian & Edwardian Reenactment & Theater Uniform Costumes when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. (Recruits who expressed a reasoned preference were nevertheless allowed to join any regiment of their choice, provided there were vacancies. 399.00 + 9.99 Postage. They were also overloaded with unnecessary or over-decorated equipment and saddlery. Replacing them with native soldiers of questionable loyalty to Britain could potentially lead to rebellions. ", Seligmann, Matthew S. "Failing to Prepare for the Great War? 2 Army Tunic / jacket Like new. Khaki (an Urdu word meaning "dust") was first adopted in the late 1840s by Indian irregular units on the North-West Frontier. From 1871, there were compulsory education classes for new recruits, though this was discontinued in 1888 as most recruits had received at least rudimentary education to the age of thirteen. NOTE - THIS ITEM IS MADE TO ORDER AND WILL BE A MINIMUM OF 6 t0 8WEEKSfabric -dark greenmelton woolcorded olivetshigh standblack collar black embroidered tracing braid cuffsblackbraid Swissknot piping oncuff black tassles down frontbl.. (These rationalisations almost halved the War Office's correspondence.)[55]. The first line of defence of Britain was always held to be the Royal Navy. $395.00 $295.00. [28] The artillery was generally lighter than the equivalent British Army equipment (6-pounder instead of 9-pounder horse artillery, for example) to allow for the harsher climate and generally more difficult terrain. This also forced Britain to intervene in Egypt's nominal dependency, the Sudan. high end replica british edwardian court dress uniform, all sizes, breast star not included . Although the armies of all the nations involved suffered defeats and losses as a result of lack of preparation and incompetent leadership, the shortcomings revealed in the British Army caused greater public concern. Victorian British army red mess dress uniform jacket Empire Raj Colonial Boer. The infamous leather stock, designed to force the wearer to keep his head erect, was retained until 1855. These and other "khakee" uniforms of grey serge or sand coloured cotton drill were worn by troops during the Mahdist War of 1884-85. British Army Tunic FAD Tunic All ranks Khaki No. The SniderEnfield Cavalry Carbine was too short to be accurate at ranges over 400 yards, but the MartiniHenry carbine was popular. For their part, regular officers were pleased to have nothing to do with the volunteers' citizen soldiers and officers.[37]. The 1821 Pattern swords were in use, those for the heavy cavalry regiments being straighter and longer than those for the light cavalry. On the borders of India, frontier clashes, and trade and sovereignty disputes with Burma had resulted in the First Burmese War from 1824 to 1826. $325.00 $175.00. The Rank Marks of the British Army. Within the British Isles, local forces were controlled by the Lords-Lieutenant of counties, appointed by the Crown. The Commissariat, and the Military Train (a transport service, which had been created during the Crimean War) became the Control Department, which consisted of officers, and the Army Service Corps of other ranks in 1869. SALE! One intended purpose of the Cardwell and Childers Reforms was the creation of an expeditionary force capable of being despatched to a scene of war without affecting the security of Britain or the empire. It provoked a public crisis of confidence in the Army. In Irregular cavalry and infantry units, which were locally recruited from distinct communities or absorbed from the armies of annexed "princely" states, there were usually only seven British officers and Indian personnel had more influence. One of the field companies was designated the grenadier company, and another was designated the light company. Officers remained responsible for purchasing their own uniforms and equipment, although they were expected to abide by various regimental and general regulations. [69] Regimental duty was seen as more honourable than appointments to the staff, and officers were often discouraged by their Colonels from attending the Staff College. The uniforms and insignia first created in the mid-1700s, lasting until the mid-1850s, have since become immortalized in such . The measure was defeated, whereupon the government announced that all purchases were abolished, thereby destroying the value of all of those commissions. There was a punitive expedition in 1868 to Abyssinia and another to Ashanti in 1874. The result was the death of many soldiers through disease (exacerbated by dietary deficiencies) and exposure during the winter of 18541855.[31]. The following illustrations speak for themselves. An attempt was made to link regiments in threes, in the same way that Cardwell had linked pairs of infantry battalions, but this broke down. Pre-order your copy of the exhibition book. Best Match; Price + postage: lowest first; Price + postage: highest first; Lowest price; Highest price; Time: ending soonest; Time: newly listed In 1898, during Kitchener's Sudan campaign, the Maxim sections of the Connaught Rangers and North Staffordshire Regiment wore their scarlet frocks at the Battle of Omdurman, and so were the last troops to wear the red coat in action. Attempts to repeat Wolseley's tactics at Tel-el-Kabir against the Boers resulted in heavy losses at battles such as Magersfontein. [16] The Rifle regiments used the Brunswick Rifle, which was first adopted in 1836. Explore. There were several campaigns in Africa before the end of the 19th century, during the period known as the Scramble for Africa. Britain was able to mobilise unprecedented numbers of troops including reserves and volunteers to fight in South Africa, and to transport and maintain them there thanks to Britain's industrial resources, the Royal Navy and Britain's merchant fleet. [8] Wives often performed services such as laundry for their husbands' companies or barracks. NOTE - THIS ITEM IS MADE TO ORDER AND WILL BE A MINIMUM OF8 WEEKSThe Jibba or Jibbah was worn by followers of the Mahdi during the Anglo Sudanese war of 1896 to 1899This is a long coat, which is pulled over the head, made from heavy cotton drill and decorated with different coloured patc.. ", Blanco, Richard L. "Army Recruiting Reforms18611867. We are involved in both historic preservation and education. However, the Army led in the development of Mountain artillery, introducing light guns that could be rapidly broken down into several smaller pieces, which could be carried on mules or pack horses over terrain too rough for field artillery. Most infantry regiments had a third militia battalion, which would be filled with recalled reservists in an emergency, and a fourth volunteer battalion (or more), although the volunteer battalions often retained their original titles. Guards Regiments usually consisted of three battalions, the 25 most senior line infantry regiments consisted of two battalions and the other line regiments had one battalion only. [11], During the Napoleonic Wars, a combination of large-scale expansion of the army and intensive campaigning resulting in heavy casualties had resulted in many officers being commissioned from the ranks or from middle-class backgrounds. 'The Evolution of British Army Uniforms Through History'The British Army is one of the world's most experienced fighting forces. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Victorian Edwardian Drum Bugler jacket uniform tunic British army Empire at the best online prices at eBay! Others aspects of British society were unfavourable for a large-scale expansion of the Army. There were three main periods of the Army's development during the era. In such colonies with populaces whose loyalties were more reliable, and where locally raised units (such as the Royal Malta Artillery) did not already exist, the colonial governments or administrations were encouraged to raise part-time units along the lines of the Militia and the Volunteer Force to enable professional soldiers to be withdrawn. This was the twilight of the Victorian Age, and in 1901, after ruling an empire that stretched around the world, the great British Queen and Empress of India died. Great deals on reenactment gear for British Victorian Wars. This means we are in the position to recreate any mens costume . when mounting guard during the summer months at Buckingham Palace.) [63] However, social exclusivity in most infantry and cavalry units was maintained by the high cost of living for officers, who were usually required to keep up an expensive lifestyle that required a private income above their officer's pay. 1872 British offices tunic . The Militia was almost defunct, and inadequate even for home defence.[30]. victorian military uniforms of the british army, 19th century - scottish military uniforms stock illustrations. Within a year of the end of the Crimean War, the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (generally referred to by the British Army as the Indian Mutiny) broke out. Complacent British commanders then withdrew many of their garrisons even as they were faced with growing popular resistance. . The forces of the Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, successor to the Mahdi, were bloodily defeated at the Battle of Omdurman and Britain established control over the Sudan. Excellent condition brocaded silk front rosettes with velvet lined collar. The North East's first choice for military clothing and equipment. It was made of cork or wicker, and was intended to protect soldiers from tropical heat or sun. Colonel Herbert Harrington Roberts reminiscences of mid-Victorian army life. ", Bond, Brian. Highland units wore a doublet instead of a tunic. British staff methods were never tested in war on a large scale until the Second Anglo-Boer War. The Crimean War was the first general war in Europe since the final defeat of Napoleon I in 1815. By the start of Victoria's reign, there was little opposition to British rule in Madras and Bombay, and the Bengal Army was consequently the largest and most often employed. NOTE - THIS ITEM IS MADE TO ORDER AND WILL BE A MINIMUM OF8 WEEKSRoyal Navy Tropical frock coat - as worn by Mel Gibson and other crew in the movie "The Bounty"fabric - heavy off white cotton drillopen lapels and collar18 button double breasted3 button cuff 3 button flapped functioning p.. She wore full-size medals including the Queen's Service Order, Coronation Medal, the Silver, Gold, Diamond and Platinum Jubilee medals, Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (Royal Navy), Canadian Forces Decoration, Order of St John Service Medal and New . The false-fronted "Belgic" shako, made famous by depictions of the Battle of Waterloo, was replaced soon after the Napoleonic Wars by a flaring, "bell-topped" shako. The carrying of equipment on crossbelts and shoulder straps, which constricted the chest and restricted movement, was replaced by pouches suspended from the waistbelt and various patterns of "valise", intended to be practical in hot climates and to distribute the weight evenly. However, there was official and practical discouragement of soldiers (and officers) who wished to marry while young. However, Britain's strategic interests generally lay in the extreme north and south of the continent. Like the system of Purchase, this worked against the proper development of officers' careers and abilities, as it did not encourage merit or initiative, promotion was slow and ill-suited soldiers or officers could nevertheless succeed to high rank merely by surviving long enough. In 1845, the army of Sir Hugh Gough lost so many officers during the Battle of Ferozeshah that Gough granted immediate commissions to five Warrant Officers, under his authority as Commander in Chief in India. ", Miller, Stephen M. "In Support of the" Imperial Mission"? The Absence of Grand Strategy in British War Planning before 1914", Tucker, Albert V. "Army and Society in England 18701900: A Reassessment of the Cardwell Reforms,", This page was last edited on 18 October 2022, at 19:10. Buller's command was "about the equivalent of the First Army Corps of the existing mobilization scheme. 1 Dress Blue Uniform Set With Belt. Prior to the English Civil War of 1642-51 the only significant instances of uniform dress in British military culture occurred in small bodyguard units, notably the Yeoman of the Guard. We, RUDRA UNIVERSAL, are India based manufacturer of Army uniform, boots, caps, bullion and embroidered badges, metal and leather articles and equipment. 12th Royal Lancers (Prince Of Wales's) 22mm with King's Crown. These improvements and advances in medicine reduced the number of soldiers who died or were discharged as a result of disease while on ordinary service, although diseases still caused many casualties on campaign. Come and see for yourself who we have chosen as the people to represent the court, military, artists, city dwellers, global communities, reformers and revolutionaries of 19th century China. The quarrel between the factions complicated the appointments of senior officers to commands before and during the Second Anglo-Boer War[67] and was perhaps never resolved until most of the officers involved had retired from the army. Kitchener's methods against the very mobile Boer fighters were often expensive and wasteful, until near the end of the war when the Boers were finally worn down by exhaustion. From 1830, sergeants in line infantry units no longer carried halberds or spontoons. The result was the slaughter of an incompetently led British army as it tried to retreat from Kabul (the Massacre of Elphinstone's Army). Buy, sell or trade. 18th Century. Product tags. 80.00 + 8.05 Postage. Such duties were one reason for the very long enlistments of British soldiers, so that many years of drill and discipline prevented them sympathising with common people. Although he supported the Liberal governments' reforms of the army, he was opposed to their foreign and imperial policies, which he believed to be indecisive and ineffectual. It had started recruiting its own Indian troops in the mid-eighteenth century. The Burmese ceded some territory to Britain but the Burmese kingdom remained intact. Although some bought Colt revolvers, the Adams revolvers were reckoned to be better suited to British needs, with their double action and heavy man-stopping bullets. The color guard of the 1st Cavalry Division dips the colors of the U.S. Army Central Support Command to King Fahd of Saudi Arabia. Pinterest. Units deployed to such duty often became demoralised through being quartered in public houses where drink was freely available,[22] while the prestige of the army suffered. All Indian personnel were subordinate to even the most junior British officers, although junior British officers were required to become proficient in Urdu, or whatever other Indian language was in use in their units, before they could be eligible for promotion. Having installed Abdur Rahman Khan as Emir, the British withdrew. The infantry finally won decisive victories only once properly coordinated with artillery, for example at the Relief of Ladysmith. The Mini rifled musket was introduced in 1851 for all infantry regiments, soon superseded by the Enfield Rifle (although at the start of the war some units still had the old Brown Bess musket). From 1856 to 1870, the French Army had to some extent inspired the organisation, dress and tactics of many other armies, including the British; after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, which ended in French defeat, the Prussian Army became the model to which others aspired. In addition to these reforms brought in by legislation, there were other administrative reforms introduced by Order in Council. There were major uprisings towards the end of the nineteenth century in Malakand and Tirah. Many regular soldiers were in fact unfit for service, while there were no trained reservists. With the exception of the rifle regiments, the infantry were armed with the Brown Bess musket, essentially the same weapon the Army had used since the early eighteenth century (though a version with a percussion cap firing mechanism replaced the flintlock in 1842). Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Victorian British army red mess dress uniform jacket Empire Raj Colonial Boer at the best online prices at eBay! 24, no. It also was the cause of most disciplinary infractions. Guide To The Uniforms Of The Crimean War The War Of German Civil War The Boer War And The Balkan Wars is additionally useful. [47] Although the benefits took several years to appear, the Act gave the army both a trained cadre and the power to expand, which it had lacked in the past. In addition to their traditional duties of fortification, road and bridge-building, they also became responsible for the operation of field telegraphs, the construction and operation of railways, and even the provision of balloons that provided observers with a "bird's-eye" view of enemy positions. In India, after Sindh was overcome in a short campaign, only the Sikh Empire founded by Ranjit Singh remained wholly independent of British control. Stoppages for damages to barracks or to a soldier's equipment remained, and were resented as this might result from ordinary wear and tear on campaign or exercise. Sold for: $125.00 Original era manufacture. For the majority of the 19th century, the remaining regiments were based in Trinidad and Jamaica. Highland regiments continued to wear the feather bonnet. Crowns are another feature commonly seen on regimental insignia. The Second Anglo-Boer War, which broke out almost at the end of Victoria's reign, was another major milestone in the British Army's development. Which branch a gunner belonged to was indicated by metal shoulder titles (R.A., R.F.A., R.H.A., or R.G.A.). [36] The Volunteer Act 1863 formally organised the volunteers and laid down their terms of service. Few armies other than those of the dominions within the British empire had attempted to emulate the British Army's systems. British Army Officer's Shell Jacket, c. 1875, Lieut. In 1847, it was laid down that a soldier must receive at least one penny per day, regardless of all stoppages.[3]. The last potential Anglo-French colonial dispute was resolved shortly afterwards in the Fashoda Incident, when a French expedition withdrew from southern Sudan and France acknowledged Britain's possession. Including: Victorian, Edwardian, Mexican War, American Civil War (Confederate / CS / CSA and Union / US / USA), Indian Wars, Old West & Spanish-American (Span-Am) War. [40][41][42][43] A minority of historians, chiefly political specialists, criticized the limited nature of the reforms. [84] They used heavy chargers as mounts rather than lighter horses. Different styles of crown represent different periods of history, so this can be a way of dating a badge. This scheme had been dropped by 1881. [37] Rather than the Army's scarlet infantry uniforms, many volunteer infantry units wore the dark green of the rifle regiments or later adopted the grey uniforms of American volunteers (inspired by the Confederate States Army)[citation needed]. Although it was ultimately victorious in both, it was evident that without urgent reforms, the Army could not simultaneously carry out all its strategic roles. [58] Nor were the Yeomanry (volunteer cavalry) regiments linked to regular cavalry units. In 1854, the Crimean War, and the Indian Rebellion of 1857 highlighted the shortcomings of the Army, but entrenched interests prevented major reforms from taking place. The only remaining permanent British Army garrisons were at Bermuda, Cape Town and Halifax, Nova Scotia, although token detachments remained at strategically vital posts such as Gibraltar and Hong Kong.[57]. 2nd Boer War Bushveldt Carbineers Uniform - Breaker Morant uniform 1 2nd Gurkha Rifles mess dress tunic 1 1789 Royal Navy Frock coat - Captain Bligh 1 1789 Royal Navy Tropical Frock coat 1 1808 19th Regiment Portuguese - Peninsula War 1 1855 circa 45th Regiment of foot Sherwood Foresters tunic 1 1873 Natal Buffalo Border guard patrol jacket 2 1879 Natal Carbineers Buglers patrol jacket 1 1879 . 19th Century. The Commission reported its findings in 1862, but Peel and his immediate successors were unable to introduce the necessary legislation to reform the Army due to resistance by entrenched interests connected with the government of India (who wished to retain their own separate "White" military establishment) and by "die-hard" senior officers, headed by the Commander in Chief, the Duke of Cambridge, who opposed any change on principle.[35]. In 1828, the greyish-blue trousers worn during the later stages of the Napoleonic Wars were replaced by dark blue "Oxford mixture" trousers for winter wear. Victorian British Army dress jacket uniform tunic Africa Colonial Empire 1880s. List of units and formations of the British Army, a total of 24 British Army infantry regiments, 100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadians) Regiment of Foot, "The Reserve Forces Bill (House of Lords) (Bill 75 of 1995/96), Research Paper 96/40 (PDF direct link)", The Great Game: on Secret Service in High Asia, History and Traditions of the Royal Artillery, Survey of a post-medieval squatter occupation site and 19th century military earthworks at Hungry Hill, Upper Hale, near Farnham, p. 251, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Army_during_the_Victorian_Era&oldid=1116867743, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bennett, Mark.

Mugshots Van Buren County, Michigan, Nishimura Riki Birthday, Articles V