The Moirai, or Fates, were one such trio of goddesses. Esoteric writing from this time says that Hecate has the heads of a horse, a dog, and a snake. Your IP: Mythical Facts about Hecate Fact 1: Shrines to the goddess were placed at the doorways of homes and as protection from the dead and evil spirits. Authors from the past, like Ovid and Pausanias, say that dogs, especially black dogs, were given to the goddess as sacrifices. Female monsters also often came in threes, as was the case with the Gorgons and Graea. Hecate rules over the night, magic, and places where three roads meet. Intrinsically ambivalent and polymorphous, she straddles conventional boundaries and eludes definition. She could not be forced to love anyone. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. Hades was pleased with this, and Hecate was allowed to come and go as she pleased from the Underworld. Her origins and powers were unexplained and changeable. Athenian Greeks used the evening meal, known as Deipnon, to honor Hecate. In the writings of Hesiod, Hecate is the daughter of the Titan Perses and the nymph Asteria. She was the only child of the Titanes Perses and Asteria from whom she received her power over heaven, earth, and sea. Hecate was a cathonic goddess that preceded the Olympians, and it seems that she was highly worshipped in Thrace. The crossroads were and are also places where several accidents occurred and or ambushes, holdups they can be places of vulnerability where fates seem to be on rare occasions sealed. During the time of the Romans, Hecate was often combined with the gods Artemis and Selene, especially in Roman poetry. This article was most recently revised and updated by, From Athena to Zeus: Basics of Greek Mythology, Ancient Origins - Hecate: Triple-Bodied Greek Goddess of Witchcraft and Keeper of Keys, Hecate - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Her attributes, besides the torch, are the snake, whip, dagger, and sword. Apollo is often called Hekatos, the masculine form of his name. Her parentage was given differently by various writers. From the 5th century BCE, the goddess hecate is associated with the darker side of the human experience, that isdeath, witchcraft, magick, the Moon, dreams, hell hounds and creatures which roam the darkness of night. Further, the home would be blessed and any wrong-doing by family members would be forgiven and the household purified. When Persephone was abducted to the underworld by Hades, Hecate was the only witness willing to help Demeter search for her daughter. Advanced Magick for the 21st Century The Adeptus Course, THE MOST COMPLETE COURSE IN PRACTICAL MAGICK EVER RELEASED. Hecate carrying a torch is a common way to show this myth in art. This article contains incorrect information, This article doesnt have the information Im looking for. I have been in love with all things related to Mythology. She is often displayed holding two torches or a key. She is also associated with the moon and is sometimes depicted as having three faces which symbolize the waxing, waning, and full moon phases. They believed that by praising the goddess, the restless dead would be soothed and not deliver vengeance on the family. The time of the dark moon is a special time of the month to give offerings to Hecate. A few pagans and Wiccans have also been known to worship Hecate as a dark goddess. There are few legends about Her, and no fixed genealogy. Persis and Asteria, two Titans from the generation of deities prior to the Olympians, are the legendary parents of Hecate. You have subscribed to: Remember that you can always manage your preferences or unsubscribe through the link at the foot of each newsletter. She acted as a sort of guardian because she watched over the places that allowed passage into homes, cities, or even states. She is depicted on the altar of Pergamon with one body and three heads (ca. A goddess of crossroads, magic, poison, and the undead, Hecate was also the daughter of the Titan Perses and the nymph Asteria, according to Hesiod. The goddess told Demeter everything she had heard, but Demeter didnt know who had taken her daughter. Since the 5th century BCE, the goddess has been linked to the darker parts of life, like death, witchcraft, magic, the Moon, dreams, fierce hounds, and creatures that roam the night. The boundaries she oversaw were not limited to the physical world, though. She is often depicted carrying one or several torches to remind of her connection with the night and insculpturewith three faces, representing her role as the guardian of crossroads. Her name has been connected to dark magic and disturbing rituals in the works of Shakespeare and well into modern times. This could mean that the goddess didnt come to Greece from Caria until a relatively late date. Child of Perses and Asteria, she was the only Titan to retain her control under Zeus' reign. Although Hecate found Persephone, instead of rescuing her, she helped her settle into her new life as the bride of Hades. Hecate's name (Greek: Hekate, Latin: Hecate) means far-reaching one, and hints at this goddess's wide influence over a variety of earthly and supernatural affairs. The Goddess Hecate is supposed to be the daughter of Perses, a Titan, and Asteria, a nymph. Hesiod goes on to say that the goddess supports warriors, athletes, hunters, horsemen, herdsmen, shepherds, fishermen, and children. This is how she came to command the earth, bliss, and sea. The Kidadl Team is made up of people from different walks of life, from different families and backgrounds, each with unique experiences and nuggets of wisdom to share with you. Some speculate that it represents the full moon, half moon, and new moon. The worship of Hecate continued into theHellenisticandRomanperiods with significant archaeological finds of votive offerings to the goddess being found at Lagina in Caria andPhrygia. As a cthonic goddess of the underworld, her rituals and rites were often associated with death and secrecy. Was the Griffin a Bird from Greek Mythology? Writings throughout the centuries have woven different tales about Hecate and her role as a goddess. Selenite, tiger's eye, obsidian, rhodochrosite, jet, jasper, agate, and amber are the most suited crystals for Hecate. Hecate also presided over more mystical boundaries. Quite often each face is different, one of a dog, one of a horse and one of a goddess. Her liminality came from the fact that she was the daughter of a Titan and a goddess. The ancient Greeks thought of her as a Greek goddess, not someone from another country. One of her epithets, Apotropaia, references the protection she gave in these spaces. It is the story of how the polecat became one of her companions. Since the fifth century BCE, Hecate has been associated with magic, witchcraft, the moon, and other dark influences. Persephone was married to Hades and was the queen of the Underworld. According to her story, Hecate sometimes withheld these blessings if she felt mortals did not deserve them. A case in point is the Greek goddess Hecate. Sources say there was a sacred garden dedicated to Hecate at her temple in Colchis (modern day Georgia). Hecate typically responds to petitions via visions and dreams. Hecate may be invoked for healing, especially if medical solutions have failed or are not an option. Ft. 1302 Covington Ct, Virginia Beach, VA 23453. She could switch between being a Titan and a goddess in Greek mythology. In fact, she existed in such a nominal place that its difficult to say whether she existed as a singular goddess, a trio of beings, or as a minor aspect of a more major deity. . Hecate has been referenced in various literary works, including the plays by Sophocles and Euripides. Our recommended activities are based on age but these are a guide. In the Greco-Roman world, the crossroads were places of spirits, doorways to the other world(s), places of magic, spells and necromancy and also places of purification. DeTraci Regula is a freelance writer who has specialized in Greek travel and tours for 18 years. This garden would've contained her sacred trees, herbs and poisons. Hecate is the Goddess of witchcraft, magic, crossroads, ghosts and necromancy. With a torch in her hand, she accompanied Demeter in the search after Persephone; and when the latter was found, Hecate remained with her as her attendant and companion. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. She is sometimes shown holding a key. $204,000 Last Sold Price. Though perhaps originally an indigenous woodland goddess, Diana early became identified with Artemis. Many of the rituals described in ancient texts, for example the elaborate sacrifice of a ewe in Argonautica, are in keeping with what is known about the worship of other deities of the underworld. Hecate was also offered dogs, especially puppies, as a sacrifice. Some say that Hecate is the daughter of Erebus and Nyx, ageless Goddess of the night, while others believe that She is one of the Furies or the last surviving Titan except for Zeus. Hecates name comes from the Greek word hekatos, which means worker from afar.. Numerous smaller sculptures of Hecate remain in which the goddess appears as three separate women, wearing chitons, with the backs pressed against a pillar. Etymology. A further canine connection may be with theEgyptiangodAnubiswho guided souls to the underworld, and the Greek three-headed hound ofHades, Cerberus, may be an earlier form of Hecate. Greece itself worshipped many trios of goddesses or goddesses with three forms that fit this archetype. Performance & security by Cloudflare. In mythology Nyx represented night. Women also prayed to her for fertility and the birth of female children. Some of the statues she made as offerings to the goddess had the Graces dancing around her; In other versions of the story, she is with a pack of dogs. However, she was transformed by Circe into the monster form. A: Hecate is the Greek Goddess of magic and witchcraft. Even Zeus, the King of the Olympian Gods, is said to have reverenced her, and there are hints that she was considered to be an all-powerful goddess. Sometimes, as was the case with Hecate, it was a single goddess who was shown with three aspects. These took the form of small cakes of eggs, cheese, bread, and dog meat, which were lit with miniature torches or, alternatively, a dish of red mullet, which was usually prohibited from offerings to the other gods. Although much of her power appeared generally dark or menacing, Hecate could also be a merciful goddess. She is helping a dog attack a giant who looks like a snake. The triple goddesses are often referred to as the Maiden, Mother (or Matron), and Crone. Hecate, goddess accepted at an early date into Greek religion but probably derived from the Carians in southwest Asia Minor. Many historians believe that the Greek pantheon was once much smaller than we know it today. The masculine form of this word is said to be used for Apollo, one of the Greek gods. These three goddesses are also linked in the Mystery cults. But the version of Hecate that appears in Greek texts is not so straightforward. On her head she sometimes wears a kalathos, a tall wicker basket, or a moon sickle. According to a legend, Odysseus got the Trojan queen Hecuba as a captive after the defeat of Troy. These primordial gods each represented a different aspect of existence, together they formed the building blocks of the early universe. As Apollo was sometimes known as Hecatos, it is still possible that this feminine form of the name referred to his sister and not a separate goddess. Contrary to popular current belief she wasnt originally a matron for women but for all who fit the above categories. This is shown by her names and cult titles, such as India (which means on the way), Trodia (which means frequenter of the crossroads), and Propylaia (of the gates). The dog was so closely tied to her than in many ancient stories people could hear the howling and barking of her sacred animal when her magic was used nearby. But Hecate is not the evil hag that popular legend suggests. Hecate hkt, hkt , in Greek religion and mythology, goddess of ghosts and witchcraft. Some experts believe that the three heads or faces of the Goddess Hecate denote the full, half, and new moon. She was the ruler of crossroads, entrances, nighttime, light, magic (witchcraft and sorcery), herbs and plants. On any trip to Greece, it's helpful to have some knowledge of the Greek gods and goddesses. Hesiod, for example, seemed to hold in in high regard and makes no mention of this darker association. Hectate is derived from the Greek word 'hekatos,' which 'means worker from afar.' On the other hand, Euripides says that Leto is her mother. Hecate was weaved strongly into all these symbolisms of the crossroads and still does to her devotees. Most likely, the cults of Thessalian Pherai (Pherae) and Eleusis saw Hekate as Chthonian (Underworld) Hermess wife. The beginnings of Hecates worship are shrouded in mystery. She has also been mentioned in the works of Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream, King Lear, and Macbeth. Hecate appears in the pseudo-Homeric hymn to Demeter- there Hecate dwelled in a cave during Kores abduction and appeared to Demeter in the dawn while she was searching for her lost daughter. In Late Antiquity, the empousai have been described as a category of phantoms or spectres, equated with the lamiai and mormolykeia . You ask Hecate to feed on these offerings, to accept them as an act of friendship and continued bond and also as an act of gratitude on your part. We try our very best, but cannot guarantee perfection. The most famous witch in Greek mythology received her knowledge of magic from Hecate. Her tasks went beyond the heavens, the earth, the seas, and the Underworld. She was a goddess in charge of magic, witchcraft, and much more. Hecate was both Greek and foreign at the same time. In many cultures and religions in many lands. It is believed that Zeus, the king of the gods, asked Hecate to help find Persephone after Hades kidnapped her. The first literary reference to Hecate was in the Theogony, a Greek poem by Hesiod that is believed to have been written in 700 BCE. In this manner, pillars known as Hecate stood at key intersections and entryways, possibly to ward off malevolent spirits. She was a goddess of magic and the underworld, but she was also a protector of the home and a guardian of borders. At least one story, however, gives the goddess a much more human origin. It is believed that Hecate represented witchcraft, magic and ghosts. Why notsubscribe to our LearningMole Library for as little as 1.99 per month to access over1000fun educational videos. Hecate, however, took pity on Galinthias. Regula, deTraci. HEKATE (Hecate) was the goddess of magic, witchcraft, the night, moon, ghosts and necromancy. As the goddess of the night, witchcraft and sorcery, Hecate was very important to ancient Greeks, particularly to the famed author and scholar Hesiod. The cave and the dawn are both thresholds- liminal times, thresholds between the earth and the underworld and night and day. Share This Post. ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/greek-mythology-hecate-1526205. From the three supposedly came her image in Greek . First 6 Months for 1.99 with Monthly Student and Teacher Plans Dismiss, 2022 Learning Mole. Hecate was believed to be a goddess of both the living world and the underworld. Some lexicographers, experts that study the origins of language, believe that the word hag and hex, which means witch, is derived from the word Hecate. Other writers claim her as the daughter ofZeusandDemeter, Aristaion. She is also Queen of the Night, and is highly connected to All Hallow's Eve. Hecate's appearance is dark-haired and beautiful, but with an eerie edge to that beauty befitting a goddess of the night (though the actual goddess of the night is Nyx). A shrine to this Goddess was built at the entrance of homes and cities as she was believed to keep evil spirits away. The Charites (Graces) and Horai (Seasons) were also trios of minor goddesses in Greek mythology. 1.5 Baths. Symbols of Hecate are her place, the crossroads, two torches, and black dogs. In ancient times, Hecates three-part form was shown as three separate bodies surrounding a central column. Kidadl is independent and to make our service free to you the reader we are supported by advertising. SOLD JUN 15, 2022. Hecate is portrayed in single form on sculptures of Myron and Naucydes. In the 6th century BCE, a circular altar was built in Miletos to honour the goddess (the earliest archaeological evidence of her worship). The things that make Hecate seem like an older woman are in the Pharsalia. However, she is believed to be protective of human beings. Although they combined her with Diana and Artemis, the Romans also worshipped this deity, referred to her as Trivia, which means three ways. Hecate is usually depicted with a burning torch in her hand and with a dog laying at her feet, its head raised. Nearby Recently Sold Homes. Demeter descended to the underworld every spring to bring her daughter back to the surface, making the three goddesses share an association with the underworld. Your privacy is important to us. Omissions? Many people think that worshipping the goddess began before the Greeks, while others think it started in Thrace. Hecate, however, was not just a goddess shown in three parts. Quite often warriors worshipped the goddess Hecate just as readily. She witnessed the abduction of Demeter's daughter Persephone to the underworld and, torch in hand, assisted in the search for her. However, the queen killed the Thracian king when on her way to Greece. The most popular theory is that the Carians in Asia Minor brought Hecate to Greece, where she became a part of their religion. This could be because she sided with him during the 10-year battle between the Titans and the Olympians. Hecate is usually depicted with a burning torch in her hand and with a dog laying at her feet, its head raised. Lagina was one of the most important Carian sanctuaries.Hecate also has a strong connection with Georgia as well as throughout Italy. Hecate hugged the girl when Persephone was reunited with her mother, Demeter. She was made to look like a goddess who could easily move from the Underworld to the real world. The Orphic Mysteries said that Hestia was the daughter of Demeter instead. Local sun goddesses from before the Greek era have many of the same attributes as those later associated with Hecate. Kidadl has a number of affiliate partners that we work with including Amazon. Subscribe to our popular newsletter Synced Global AI Weekly to get weekly AI updates. Her name was derived from the Greek word hekatos which means worker from afar. She rules wisdom, choices, expiation, victory, vengeance, and travel. Hesiod only talks about her family and how she killed Clytius in the Gigantomachy. Subscribe for virtual tools, STEM-inspired play, She may be petitioned for a swift, painless death. Link will appear as Hecate: https://greekgodsandgoddesses.net - Greek Gods & Goddesses, October 19, 2019, Greek Gods and Goddesses 2010 - 2023 | About | Contact | Sitemap | Privacy, Hecate: https://greekgodsandgoddesses.net, Magic, witchcraft, the night, moon, ghosts and necromancy, None, however in some myths there are various potential offspring mentioned - (Aegialeus, Circe, Empusa, Medea, Scylla). Hecate is the goddess of witchcraft and was specifically known for her herbal knowledge. the Jinn or Genie-good, bad or simply Goetic spirits of another name? Even in descriptions of Medeas witchcraft, it is difficult to distinguish magical rituals from more standard worship and rites. She also assisted the gods in their war with the Gigantes, and slew Clytius.5, This extensive power possessed by Hecate was probably the reason that subsequently she was confounded and identified with several other divinities, and at length became a mystic goddess, to whom mysteries were celebrated in Samothrace6 and in Aegina.7 For being as it were the queen of all nature, we find her identified with Demeter, Rhea (Cybele or Brimo); being a huntress and the protector of youth, she is the same as Artemis (Curotrophos); and as a goddess of the moon, she is regarded as the mystic Persephone.8 She was further connected with the worship of other mystic divinities, such as the Cabeiri and Curetes,9 and also with Apollo and the Muses.10, The ground-work of the above-mentioned confusions and identifications, especially with Demeter and Persephone, is contained in the Homeric hymn to Demeter; for, according to this hymn, she was, besides Helios, the only divinity who, from her cave, observed the abduction of Persephone. Her association with dark magic is also tied to her identification as an underworld goddess. Hecate was also linked to a lot of other goddesses from other pantheons. In fact she seems to have started out as Heket, the Egyptian Goddess of Childbirth. People left the food there to honor Hecate. In the sources about Hekate that are from the ancient world, the crossroads are not mentioned as a symbol of Hecate. Wormwood and cypress are traditional herbs in spirit work and lavender brings a kind of protection to your workings without banishing all the spirits around you at the crossroads. Hecate, however, is routinely described as the goddess of witchcraft and associated with characters like Medea and Circe, the witch of Homers Odyssey. Hecate is also sometimes interpreted in association with Artemis and Selene. The goddess was frequently associated with Demeter and even assimilated to her in some cults. She is described as of terrible appearance, either with three bodies or three heads, the one of a horse, the second of a dog, and the third of a lion.14 In works of art she was some-times represented as a single being, but sometimes also as a three-headed monster.15, Besides Samothrace and Aegina, we find express mention of her worship at Argos16 and at Athens, where she had a sanctuary under the name of Epipyrgidia (), on the acropolis, not far from the temple of Nike.17 Small statues or symbolical representations of Hecate, called (hekataia), were very numerous, especially at Athens, where they stood before or in houses, and on spots where two roads crossed each other; and it would seem that people consulted such as oracles.18, At the close of every month dishes with food were set out for her and other averters of evil at the points where two roads crossed each other; and this food was consumed by poor people.19 The sacrifices offered to her consisted of dogs, honey, and black female lambs.20. Was the Griffin a Bird from Greek Mythology? Hecate is one of the many goddesses in Greek mythology. As one of the deities capable of passing between realms, she had access to the secrets of the dead. Related Topics: greek. The first example of the triple-Hecate form, called hekataia, was made by the sculptor Alcamenes in the 5th century BCE. But because these Anatolian cult sites were built later, other classicists say that the goddess could not have come from Anatolia. Article created on Monday, March 3, 1997. Due to her dark attributes, this deity has often been associated with the Underworld. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, A Recommended Book on Hekate Liminal Rites, Planetary MAGICK -7 Facts you should know, Magickal Protection-The BEST 10 SOLUTIONS. Scholars think that the goddess arrived in Greece during the Archaic period. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/greek-mythology-hecate-1526205. The Moirai crossed their arms and Eileithyia refused to help the laboring woman. She was also the goddess of the Oikos and the guardian of its entrances. Most of all, Hecate was a goddess of mystery. I am the owner and chief researcher at this site. If you use any of the content on this page in your own work, please use the code below to cite this page as the source of the content. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. A statue called Hekate Epipyrgidia (On the Ramparts) stood at the Athens Acropolis entrance. During the Romans, many of her traits belonged to the world of the dead. This was a terrible fate. She was also closely associated to the spiritual world, ghosts, and the dead. Look for her animals: snakes, dragons, cats, and especially dogs. Another story said that Hecate herself had cursed a witch named Gale to be a polecat for disgusting her with incontinence and abnormal desires. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. A: In Greek mythology, Hecate was the Goddess of witchcraft and magic. She is also known as Soteria (Savior), the Mother of Angels, and the Cosmic World. The goddess had a lot of powers, some of which were later taken over by other gods. Hecate was the goddess of borders, barriers, and boundaries. The goddess was especially appealed to by sorceresses for aid in their magic and spellsand appears on surviving examples of curse tablets. A: The three witches in the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare made Hecate angry by meeting and predicting the future of the main character, Macbeth, without consulting her. In his book Description of Greece, Pausanias says that the sculptor Alcamenes was the first to show Hecate in three forms in the 5th century BCE. Hecate the goddess of Greek mythology has been primarily remembered for her associations with magic and witchcraft. The Egyptian fertility goddess Heqet was associated with magic, which the Egyptians called heqa. As a result, the goddess of magic remained a major deity in regulating evil spirits in the Underworld. Hesiod describes the goddess in the following glowing terms: Zeus, Cronus son, honoured [Hecate] above all others: he gave her splendid gifts to have a share of the earth and of the barren sea, and from the starry sky as well she has a share in honour, and is honoured most of all by the immortal gods. Hecate was considered an ancient Thracian divinity and she was also a titan; the titans ruled the heavens, the earth and the sea. The one in Lagina stood out the most. She was accepted at an early date into Greek religion, but she probably was originally a goddess of the Carians in southwestern Asia Minor. ThoughtCo. Because she was associated with borders, gates, and doorways, Hecate took on a protective role. The chief Greek god, Zeus, was very fond of this Goddess and gave her a share of the earth and sea. Kidadl provides inspiration to entertain and educate your children. One of Hecates frequent animal companions, and the one that shes most often depicted with, was a black dog. Even though there arent many myths about the goddess Hecate, the ones that do exist tell us a lot about where she has power. The evening meal in ancient Greece, especially in Athens known as Deipnon, was in honor of Hecate. Hecate was the chief goddess presiding over magic and spells. To find out more about LearningMole please visit our about us page or visit more of our topics available. It was believed that she could see in all directions. Hecate was a goddess in Greek Mythology. Lycophron, 77; Scholiast on Aristophanes'. Scylla's most retold appearance is in Homer's Odyssey. Eating crunchy while enjoying a good movie or your favourite video game is a blessing. She was often shown holding two torches, such as would be found beside gates, to allow her to illuminate both sides of a boundary. Kidadl is supported by you, the reader. Her considerable power over nature ensured her continued popularity, but she's never fitted in with the crowd. She is often pictured holding keys because, as the goddess of boundaries, she held the power to open and close the doors to the realm of Hades. Like her Greek counterpart, she was also a goddess of domestic animals. While some scholars attribute these displays as holding a dark side to Hecate, most myths associate her with a protective nature toward humans. A: In the play Macbeth by Shakespeare, in Act three, scene five, Hecate was shown to be angry with the witches as they excluded her from their meetings with Macbeth. She was often placed at the entrance of homes to help protect against the evil forces of the world. A competing theory says that Hecate did not develop in Greece at all. Hecate (also spelt Hekate) is a goddess capable of both good and evil. The Lampades are people who carry torches and travel with the goddess at night. This does not influence our choices. Sorceresses ask the goddess for help with their magic and spells, and she is shown on curse tablets that have survived. Hecate was variously associated with crossroads, entrance-ways, dogs, light, the moon, magic, witchcraft, knowledge of herbs and poisonous plants, ghosts, necromancy, and sorcery. Each of the Greek gods has a few specialized functions. She is not a typical one-dimensional goddess but lives on many different levels. Asteria may be the original goddess associated with the Asterion mountain range on the island of Crete. Most likely, the cults of Thessalian Pherai (Pherae) and Eleusis saw Hekate as Chthonian (Underworld) Hermes's wife. A mysterious goddess of sorcery, necromancy, and ghosts, Greek Goddess Hecate is undoubtedly one of the most intriguing characters in all of Greek mythology! She was associated with witchcraft, necromancy, and poisons. Well send you tons of inspiration to help you find a hidden gem in your local area or plan a big day out. Before that, she was just a minor character in the stories of Demeter (Persephones maid) and Artemis. From lino cutting to surfing to childrens mental health, their hobbies and interests range far and wide. Small cakes made of eggs, cheese, bread, and dog meat were lit with tiny torches. She thus becomes a deity of the lower world; but this notion does not occur till the time of the Greek tragedians, though it is generally current among the later writers.

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